@article{ref1,
title="Three Generations of Environment and Security Research",
journal="Journal of peace research",
year="1997",
author="Ronnfeldt, C. F.",
volume="34",
number="4",
pages="473-482",
abstract="The claim that environmental factors should be integrated into the concept of security was first made in the early 1980s (for example by Richard Ullman). By the early 1990s, a 'second generation' approach appeared, aiming at identifying the causal pathways from environmental scarcity to conflict by means of empirical case studies (for example by Thomas Homer-Dixon and the Toronto Group). This essay reviews the issues raised in the literature of these two approaches - the initial debate and the empirical studies - and goes on to examine a number of conceptual critiques. The emerging 'third generation' draws attention to improved methodology, including the comparative study of cooperation as well as conflict as a response to environmental scarcity, which in turn focuses attention on the nature of regimes and of the role of the 'state-in-society'.<p />",
language="",
issn="0022-3433",
doi="10.1177/0022343397034004009",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343397034004009"
}