@article{ref1,
title="The Erosion of Anti-Militaristic Principles in Contemporary Japan",
journal="Journal of peace research",
year="1988",
author="Hook, G. D.",
volume="25",
number="4",
pages="381-394",
abstract="The article examines militarization in contemporary Japan, as most saliently mamfest in increases in military spending and the buildup of military might, by focusing on the erosion of anti-militaristic principles. This includes the broader interpretation of Article 9 of the Constitution, which now permits certain 'offensive weaponry' and 'collective defense' type arrangements; the weakening of the 'three non-nuclear principles', which are not effective against port calls by US vessels laden with Tomahawk missiles and other nuclear-capable weapons; the relaxation of the ban on the export of defense-related technology, which from 1983 onwards makes an exception of exports to the United States; and the scrapping of the '1% ceiling' on military expenditures in the 1987 budget, which put an end to an important barrier to increases in military spending. The erosion of these principles has been facilitated by external factors -- American pressure, the Soviet military buildup in the region, and the decline in Asian criticism of Japan's military presence -- as well as by internal factors -- a greater acceptance of the Self Defense Forces and the US-Japan Security Treaty on the part of the opposition parties as well as the public.<p />",
language="",
issn="0022-3433",
doi="10.1177/002234338802500405",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002234338802500405"
}