Citation

Leonhardt S, Leicht L, Teichmann D. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18(9): s18093080.

Affiliation

Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.), Boston, MA 02139, USA. Teichmann@hia.rwth-aachen.de.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2018, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/s18093080

PMID

30217062

PMCID

PMC6163776

Abstract

This review provides an overview of unobtrusive monitoring techniques that could be used to monitor some of the human vital signs (i.e., heart activity, breathing activity, temperature and potentially oxygen saturation) in a car seat. It will be shown that many techniques actually measure mechanical displacement, either on the body surface and/or inside the body. However, there are also techniques like capacitive electrocardiogram or bioimpedance that reflect electrical activity or passive electrical properties or thermal properties (infrared thermography). In addition, photopleythysmographic methods depend on optical properties (like scattering and absorption) of biological tissues and-mainly-blood. As all unobtrusive sensing modalities are always fragile and at risk of being contaminated by disturbances (like motion, rapidly changing environmental conditions, triboelectricity), the scope of the paper includes a survey on redundant sensor arrangements. Finally, this review also provides an overview of automotive demonstrators for vital sign monitoring.

Language: en

Keywords

PPG imaging; RADAR; ballistocardiography; capacitive electrocardiogram; car seat, driver state monitoring; eddy currents; electrocardiogram; infrared thermography; magnetic impedance; photoplethysmography; steering wheel; unobtrusive monitoring techniques; vehicle